新托福獨立寫作結構解析：比較對比型

在之前兩個系列的介紹中，我們了解到ETS公布的獨立寫作185題庫和改革后網考中出現的獨立寫作題，它們有一定的共性。從應考方面而言，在接觸一個新托福獨立寫作的題目時，我們必須要掌握的是文章的結構。嚴謹的結構對觀點的表達有事半功倍的作用。ETS公布的185題庫的題目和近幾年的托福網考考題，除了話題上的共性外，在問題模式上和雅思議論文一樣，可以歸為固定的幾類問題模式：

　　* 描述解釋型

　　* 二選一型

　　III 比較對比型

　　1). 概念判斷

　　判斷一道作文題是否屬于“比較對比型”，可以看題目中是否包含下列詞匯：compare and contrast，compare，advantages and disadvantages等。例如：

　　1.     （第4題）

　　It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?

　　2.     （5題）

　　A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.

　　3.     （113題）

　　The government has announced that it plans to build a new university. Some people think that your community would be a good place to locate the university. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a new university in your community. Use specific detains in your discussion.

　　由上述三道題中的compare and contrast，advantages and disadvantages可以判斷它們都屬于“比較對比型”的題目。由此可見，比較對比型和之前介紹過的二選一型有個區別，它要求考生必須兩個觀點或方面（即優缺點）都要提到，它顯然是不能用單邊論證結構。它可以采用的結構如下。

　　2). 對應結構分析

　　雙邊論證

　　根據前一系列的介紹，雙邊論證基本為四段論，它與單邊的最大區別在正文，正文兩段分別對題干提出的兩個觀點或優缺點進行論證。此系列通過上面的例題二來理解這一結構的使用：

　　原創范例（5題）

　　Introduction:   The new factory does bring a range of benefits, yet the residents are not advised to establish it.

　　Main body 1:

　　Topic sentence: Admittedly, the residents and the local government as well gain benefits from the construction of this factory in the community.

　　Reason 1:   For one thing, a new factory requires plenty of new workers, providing employment opportunities for the community.

　　Reason 2:   For another, the new factory is certain to pay tax to the indigenous government, and thus enhance the tax income of the whole community.

　　Main body 2:

　　Topic sentence: However, building a large factory could bring along a great many disadvantages.

　　Reason 1:    First and foremost, a large factory will definitely produce pollution to the community.

　　Reason 2:   In the second place, it is possible that traffic jams could happen due to the returning tide during rush hours.

　　Reason 3:   Last but not least, flowing population resulted from the establishment of the factory will undoubtedly increase, which casts threat to the community.

　　半支持半反對結構

　　所謂半支持半反對，就是在第二段討論比較對比設計的兩個對象中的一個，在第三段和第四段討論另一個對象。請參考下面的結構圖：

　　第一段：引言

　　1.         明確話題

　　2.         給出文章結構布局

　　第二段：弊端/觀點一

　　1.     分論點一（段落主題句）

　　2.     例證一（論證過程）

　　第三段：有利之處一/觀點二的理由一

　　3.     分論點一（段落主題句）

　　4.     例證一（論證過程）

　　第四段：有利之處二/觀點二的理由二

　　5.     分論點二（段落主題句）

　　6.     例證一（論證過程）
結尾：

　　發表自己的觀點

　　對應的英文文章結構如下所示：

　　Paragraph 1:    Introduction

　　Background + layout

　　Paragraph 2-4: Body

　　Disadvantage / reason for opinion one

　　Topic Sentence + supporting sentences

　　Advantages one / reason one for opinion two

　　Topic Sentence + supporting sentences

　　Advantages two / reason two for opinion two

　　Topic Sentence + supporting sentences

　　Paragraph 5:    Conclusion:

　　State my opinion

　　根據上述結構，我們可以改寫第二題至以下提綱：

　　原創范例（5題）：

　　Introduction:   The new factory does bring a range of benefits, yet the residents are not advised to establish it.

　　Main body 1:    Admittedly, the residents and the local government as well gain benefits from the construction of this factory in the community.

　　Main body 2:    However, a large factory will definitely produce pollution to the community.

　　Main body 3:    Moreover, it is possible that traffic jams could happen due to the returning tide during rush hours.

　　這一系列文章給大家概括介紹了新托福獨立寫作的問題模式和對應的文章結構，建議托福考生在考前，必須要掌握這三類模式和對應的結構，并列出每類的模板，才能在考試有限的30分鐘時間內游刃有余的在結構上應對。